Radiology and Oncology

Clinical radiology is a specialized part of medicine that uses state-of-the-art devices and a series of techniques to obtain images of the interior parts of the body.

Clinical radiologists (radiologists) are qualified physicians who have completed another five years of additional study and intensive training to specialize in their field. They are trained to perform and interpret medical images to diagnose and, at times, treat injuries and diseases of all parts of the body.

Your doctor or specialist may refer you to a clinical radiologist.

• X-rays 
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
• Ultrasound (sometimes called sonograms/sonograms)
• Computed tomography (computed tomography): these were previously known as CT (computerized axial tomography)
• Fluoroscopy: a continuous x-ray similar to an 'X-ray film'
• Nuclear scans: such as bone scans, thyroid scans, and PET scans
• Interventional radiology: Radiologists treat abscesses, pain conditions, blocked arteries and tumors using images obtained by fluoroscopy, computed tomography, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging.

Oncology is the branch of therapeutic science managing tumors, including the birthplace, advancement, determination, and treatment of harmful neoplasms. It incorporates therapeutic oncology which uses chemotherapy, hormone treatment, and diverse prescriptions to treat malignancy, radiation oncology using radiation for treatment and surgical oncology.

The oncology field has three important areas,

• Medical
• Surgical
• Radiation

Several types of oncology specialists usually work together to plan a patient’s overall medication and treatment plan that connects many types of procedures. For example, a patient may need medication besides a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Here is assembled a multidisciplinary team.

Radiology is the science that uses restorative imaging to analyze diagnoses and sometimes also treat diseases inside the body. An assortment of imaging systems, for example, X-ray radiography, ultrasound, Computed tomography (CT), atomic pharmaceutical including Positron Emission Tomography (PET), and  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are utilized to analyze or potentially treat infections. Interventional radiology is the execution of (ordinarily negligibly intrusive) therapeutic methodology with the direction of imaging innovations.

The securing of restorative pictures is normally done by the radiographer, regularly known as a Radiologic Technologist. Contingent upon the area, the Diagnostic Radiologist, or Reporting Radiographer, at that point, translate or "peruses" the pictures and delivers a report of their discoveries and impression or conclusion.

Radiation protection sometimes called radiological protection and used to protect people from the harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation. It is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). After the rapid development of medical equipment including CT or PET-CT, radiation doses of medical exposure are now the largest source of exposure to man-made radiation. Radiation protection can be divided into occupational radiological protection, which is the protection of workers in situations where their exposure is directly related to their work or required by their work; medical radiological protection, which is the protection of patients exposed to radiation as part of their diagnosis or treatment; and public protection against radiation, which is the protection of individual members of the public and the general population. Exposure to radiation is defined in terms of:

What is Cancer?

Cancer is caused while cells accumulate with genetic mutations anywhere in a body and begin to multiply in an uncontrolled manner. Those abnormal cells are termed cancer cells.

How cancer begins

Cells (building blocks of life) are the basic and smallest units of life that make up the human body. The study of cells is called cell biology. Cells multiply and grow to make new cells as the body requires them. Normally, cells die and disappear when they become too old or faded. Then, new cells generate and take their place. Cancer occurs while genetic mutations prevent with this exact manner. Cells begin to rise uncontrollably or divide relentlessly. Certain cells may create a mass called a tumor. These abnormal cells are termed cancerous cells or tumor cells. The tumor can be cancerous or benign.

The cancerous tumor (malignant):  It can grow quickly and spread to different sections of the body.

A benign tumor: This is also known as non-cancerous tumor it grow but will not spread. Several benign tumors are not dangerous to human well-being. Some kinds of carcinoma do not create a tumor. Those introduce leukemias, most kinds of lymphoma, and myeloma.

Types of cancer

Four main types of cancer are:

1. Carcinomas: A carcinoma starts in the surface of the epidermis (skin) or the tissue that coats the surface of interior organs and glands. Carcinomas ordinarily produce solid tumors. They are the most regular type of cancer. Below are some examples of carcinomas;

•  Prostate cancer
• Breast cancer
•  Lung cancer
• Colorectal cancer
• Colon cancer

2. Sarcomas:  A sarcoma occurs in the connective tissues that support and unite the body. A sarcoma can occur in fat, muscles, tissues, ligaments, bones or blood vessels.

3. Leukemia. Leukemia is a broader group of tumors and affected by an excess formation of damaged white blood cells and usually occur in the bone marrow. Leukemia begins when healthy blood cells change and grow uncontrollably and mutated.

The four main types of leukemia are

• Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
• Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
• Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
• Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) 

4. Lymphomas: A lymphoma is a group of blood cancer that starts in the lymphocytes. The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and glands that help in infection-fighting cells of the immune system. There are two main types of lymphomas:

Hodgkin lymphoma  (HL)

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)

There are many other types of cancer. Learn more about these other types of cancers.

Cancer Cell Biology

Recognition and understanding the process of cells,  how cancer grows and progresses, including how gene mutations make the growth and spread of cancer cells, and how tumors communicate and interact with their enclosing circumstances and the surrounding environment, is essential for the identification of new targeted cancer treatments.

A radiopharmaceutical is a medicine that can be used as a diagnosis and for therapeutic purposes. This is also a special class of drug and combination of a radioactive molecule that has radioactivity. Radiopharmaceuticals consist of a radioactive isotope. Radioisotopes bind to biological molecules capable of targeting organs, tissues or specific cells of the human body. These radioactive drugs can be used for diagnosis and, increasingly, for the therapy of diseases.

The representation of radiopharmaceuticals in clinical practice is increasing rapidly, which provides the medical association to have a greater way to detailed knowledge and information on the characteristics of various kinds of tumors.

Several properties of the ideal pharmaceutical product:

• High objective: non-objective acceptance ratio
• Easy and cheap to produce
• Not toxic
• Does not alter the physiology to give an accurate description of the patient's physiology

During a biopsy is the removal of a small amount of tissue in the body to examine under a microscope. It is the major way doctors diagnose most kinds of cancer. Our specialist may perform the biopsy with the help of an imaging examination. Additional tests can advise that cancer is present, but particularly a biopsy can obtain a diagnosis.

Medical imaging is the procedure used to make visual representations of the human body for clinical purposes or medicinal science (including the study of normal anatomy and physiology). Medical imaging technology plays an important role in health care system.

Imaging for therapeutic purposes includes a group which includes the administration of radiologists, radiographers (X-ray technologists), sonographers (ultrasound technologists), medicinal physicists, biomedical designers, and other support staff working together to optimize the wellbeing of patients, each one in turn. Appropriate utilization of medical imaging requires a multidisciplinary approach.

Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the body causes changes in medications (drug) and includes analysis of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Cancer patients occupy the full spectrum of liver function, from unaffected to frank liver failure, and this invariably leads to pharmacokinetic variability

When considering a specific application of pharmacokinetics, an important consideration should be some of the other relevant aspects of the area. We will start with some general considerations of cancer chemotherapy to set the stage for the role of pharmacokinetics. This will consist of a brief description of cell kinetics.

Radiation oncology is one of the three basic specialties, the other two being surgical and therapeutic oncology, related with the treatment of development. Radiation can be given as a therapeutic system, either alone or in mix with surgery or possibly chemotherapy. The mission of Advances in Radiation Oncology is to give unique clinical research went for improving the lives of people living with tumor and distinctive ailments treated with radiation treatment.

The field of radiation oncology covers the combination of radiotherapy in multimodal treatment procedures. Radiation Oncology provides an open-access study for researchers and doctors concerned in the management and treatment of cancers cases, which brings together the advanced research and analysis in the field. Advancements in processing with treatment technology, as well as a better understanding of the underlying biological defense mechanisms, will further extend the function of radiation oncology. A radiation oncologist is a medical specialist who uses radiation therapy in the treatment of patients with cancer.

Specialists who use this technology or the knowledge concerned from it involve:

• Radiation oncologists
• Radiation therapists
• Radiation oncology nurses
• Medical radiation physicists
• Dosimetrists
• Social workers
• Dietitians

Anesthesia is a method to control pain during a surgery or procedure by using the medicine called anesthetics. It can help control your breathing, blood pressure, blood flow, and heart rate and rhythm.

Anesthesia may be used to:

• Relax you

• Block pain

• Make you sleepy or forgetful.

• Make you unconscious for your surgery

\r\n Hematology, also known as Haematology, is a medical subspecialty which deals with the study of prognosis, diagnosis, cause, prevention and treatment of the diseases and conditions (like Hemophilia, blood clots, blood cancers) related to blood and its components and the physician is called hematologist, whereas, Oncology is a branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of all the types of cancer and specialist is known as the oncologist.

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\r\n There are over 200 different types of cancer such as prostate cancer, melanoma cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer and many more. Blood cancer is also one of them. The subspecialty of Hematology, overlapped with the medical oncology deals with such conditions. This branch of internal medicine is known as Hematology-Oncology and the physicians are known as Hematologist-Oncologist. 

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Nursing is a profession within the health division concentrated on the care of people,  and societies so that they can gain, have or obtain optimal well-being and quality of life. Nurses generate a care program, working in collaboration with doctors, therapists, the patient, the patient's family and other organization members, which concentrates on treating the disease to enhance the quality of life.

An oncology nurse is a specialized nurse who treats cancer patients. Oncology nursing care can be defined as satisfying the diverse needs of oncology patients during the time of their illness, including adequate screening and other preventive practices, symptom management, care to maintain the highest possible normal functioning and measures of support at the end of life.

Oncology nurses can also work in inpatient environments, such as hospitals, clinics, outpatient clinics,  or doctor's offices. There are a variety of specialties such as radiation, healthcare, surgery, pediatrics or gynecology. The oncology nurses have an superior information and awareness of the evaluation of the client's situation and this evaluation will support the multidisciplinary medical team to occur a treatment program.

Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body. Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It represents 8.5 million deaths (around 15% of all deaths) in 2017. The majority of cancers, around 80-85% of cases, are due to genetic mutations caused by environmental factors. The remaining 10-15% is due to inherited genetics.

Environmental, as practiced by tumor researchers, determines some reason that is not genetically inherited, such as lifestyle, commercial and behavioral circumstances and factors, and not only pollution.

Common environmental factors that contribute to death from cancer include tobacco (30-40%), diet and obesity (20-30%), infections (10-20%), radiation (both ionizing and non-ionizing, up to 15%), stress, lack of physical activity and pollution.

Cancer usually generates fear that originates from ignorance and error. More than 40% of cancer patients could be prevented by changing lifestyle or by avoiding key risk agents. Approximately 1/4 of cancer cases could be reduced if cases are treated and detected at an early stage.

Objectives of cancer awareness

To create awareness of the disease.

Help people recognize the early signs and symptoms of cancer, allowing them to seek treatment at an early stage. The presentation support and encourages participants to explore prompt medical care for signs that may involve lumps, wounds, bleeding, hoarseness, weight loss and persistent indigestion/ cough/pain, etc.

Educate people about the main risk factors for cancer, since more than 40% of cancer cases could be prevented by modifying lifestyle or avoiding key risk factors.

Inform people about the importance of cancer screening at an early stage and motivate them to take over cancer control services at a very nominal cost through the Cancer Detection Center.

Achievements of cancer awareness

During 2010-2017, 190 educational and awareness-raising programs on cancer were carried out in various places, such as schools, institutes, private companies, NGOs and government organizations. A total of 30,315 participants benefited from these programs. During the programs, information was provided on cancer, the causes and symptoms of cancer, types of cancer, cancer control and its importance, treatment, and prevention of cancer. During the program, pamphlets related to cancer were distributed among the participants to educate them about cancer.

Nuclear Medicine is a medical specialty that utilizations radioactive tracers (radiopharmaceuticals) to distinguish substantial capacities and to analyse and treat infection. Nuclear medicine is a branch of radiology and therapeutic imaging. Unique way to kill malignancy cells with insignificant damage to encompassing tissue.

Nuclear medicine treatment utilizes larger amount of radiation to treat thyroid disease and tumour. It utilizes small amount of radioactive pharmaceuticals. This method help  characterize diseases in practically  every organ system including the heart, mind, skeleton, thyroid and kidneys and many type of tumour and can be utilized to treat illness without surgery. This is one of a unique approach to kill cancer cells with minimal damage to surrounding tissue.

Interventional radiology also known as vascular and interventional radiology (VIR),is a medical specialty which provides minimally invasive image-guided diagnosis and treatment of disease. Although procedure range performed by interventional radiologists is broad, the unifying concept behind these procedures is the application of image guidance and minimally invasive techniques in order to minimize risk to the patient.

Interventional radiologists perform a wide range or procedures, including:

Cancer pharmacology  is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering oncological pharmacotherapy and it  involves studies of the basic mechanisms of signal transduction associated with cell proliferation and apoptosis (cell program death), the mechanisms of action of antineoplastic agents, the design and development of new drugs, basic mechanisms of DNA repair and tolerance to cell damage. DNA and the development of strategies for gene therapy.

Importance is arranged on the classification and characterization of the basic cell signaling mechanisms that create the targets of the molecules worked for cancer therapy and DNA destruction and repair mechanisms that provide to resistance to antineoplastic drugs.

The regulation of tyrosine kinases, the processing of proto-oncogenes, the regulation of small GTPases and their effectors, the specific kinases of the cell cycle and the products of the DNA repair gene are being studied as potential targets or to improve the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents existing The role of growth factors in the progression of solid and hematopoietic tumors is being studied; New receptors and signal transduction pathways are being identified in normal and malignant tissues.

At least one in nine women develops breast cancer at some stage in their life. About 48,000 cases occur in the United Kingdom every year. Mostly develops in women over the age of 50 but younger women are also sometimes affected. Breast cancer can also develop in men, but this is rare. Breast cancer develops from a cancerous cell which develops in the lining of a mammary duct or a lobule in one of the breasts. It follows the classic progression though it often becomes systemic or widespread in the early onset of the disease. During this period, cancer may metastasize, or spread through lymphatics or bloodstream to areas elsewhere in the body. If breast cancer spreads to vital organs of the body, its presence will compromise the function of those organs. Fetal death is the result of an extreme case of vital organ function. In 2012, the latest year for which information is accessible, in excess of 1.7 million ladies worldwide were determined to have Breast Cancer. A large number of these findings are influenced utilizing X-to beam mammography. Albeit standard and broadly utilized, X-ray imaging for breast cancer experiences both low affectability (50-75%) and the utilization of ionizing radiation that can't be thought about totally safeAt least one in nine women develops breast cancer at some stage in their life. About 48,000 cases occur in the United Kingdom every year. Mostly develops in women over the age of 50 but younger women are also sometimes affected. Breast cancer can also develop in men, but this is rare. Breast cancer develops from a cancerous cell which develops in the lining of a mammary duct or a lobule in one of the breasts. It follows the classic progression though it often becomes systemic or widespread in the early onset of the disease. During this period, cancer may metastasize, or spread through lymphatics or bloodstream to areas elsewhere in the body. If breast cancer spreads to vital organs of the body, its presence will compromise the function of those organs. Fetal death is the result of an extreme case of vital organ function. In 2012, the latest year for which information is accessible, in excess of 1.7 million ladies worldwide were determined to have Breast Cancer. A large number of these findings are influenced utilizing X-to beam mammography. Albeit standard and broadly utilized, X-ray imaging for breast cancer experiences both low affectability (50-75%) and the utilization of ionizing radiation that can't be thought about totally safe.

Ultrasound is a sort of imaging and part of radiology. It utilizes high-frequency sound waves to catch live images from inside your body. Ultrasound is protected and easy. Ultrasound is a valuable methodology for observing the child's improvement in the uterus.

Cancer study and research to recognize causes and develop advanced strategies for prevention, inhibition,  diagnosis, medication, treatments, and cure. These applications involve surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, immunotherapy and merged therapy and treatments modalities such as chemo-radiotherapy and radiotherapy.

Cancer prevention is an action that is taken to reduce the risk of getting cancer. This can include maintaining a healthy lifestyle, avoiding exposure to known substances that cause cancer, and taking medications or vaccines that can prevent the development of cancer.

Here are some highlights points for cancer prevention

• Be as thin as possible without losing weight.
• Stay physically active for at least 40 minutes every day.
• Avoid sugary drinks and limit the consumption of high-calorie foods, especially those that are low in fiber and high in added fat or sugar.
• Have more than one category or a variety of vegetables, fruits, whole cereals, grains, and legumes.
• Limit the consumption of red meats involving beef, pork, and lamb and avoid prepared meats.
• Limit your everyday intake to two drinks for men and one drink for women, while you drink alcohol.
• Limit the consumption of salty foods and prepared meals with salt.
• Do not use additions supplements to try to defend against cancer.
• Later treatment, carcinoma survivors should obey the instruction and recommendations for cancer prevention
• The best thing for mothers is to exclusively breastfeed their babies for up to six months and then add other fluids and foods.

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) is an atomic medication utilitarian imaging strategy that is utilized to see metabolic procedures in the body. The framework recognizes sets of gamma rays discharged in a roundabout way by a positron-transmitting radionuclide (tracer), which is brought into the body on a naturally dynamic atom. In present-day PET-CT scanners, three-dimensional imaging is frequently refined with the guide of a CT X-rays filter performed on the patient amid a similar session, in a similar machine.

Computed tomography (CT), sometimes called "computerized tomography" or "computed axial tomography" (CAT), is a noninvasive medical examination or procedure that uses specialized X-ray equipment to produce cross-sectional images of the body.

CT is a valuable medical tool that can help a physician:

• Diagnose disease, trauma or abnormality
• Plan and guide interventional or therapeutic procedures
• Cancer treatment

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the body uses a powerful magnetic field, radio waves and a computer to produce detailed pictures of the inside of your body. It may be used to help diagnose or monitor treatment for a variety of conditions within the chest, abdomen, and pelvis.

• Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA)                                           
• Cardiac MRI                          
• Magnetic resonance venography (MRV)                             
• Breast scans

Nanotechnology is rapidly developing a technology subdivision that affects many fields. Nanoscale devices are one hundred to ten thousand times smaller than human cells. They are similar in size to large biological molecules, such as enzymes and receptors. Due to their small size, nanoscale devices can easily interact with biomolecules both on the surface and inside cells. 

Medicine is also affected by nanotechnology; since, in the treatment of cancer, nanotechnologically modified methods can be used. One of the fields of use in the development of nanotechnology is the treatment of cancer.

Nanotechnology can help to have a better diagnosis with less harmful substances such as optical nanoparticles. A subdivision of technology that is nanotechnology will play an important role. Nanotechnology can provide rapid and sensitive detection of cancer cells, more effective administration of drugs to tumor cells, a molecularly targeted cancer therapy and highly effective therapeutic agents.

Cancer Treatments are medical therapies that asserted to treat cancer by different methods like surgery, chemotherapy, radiation oncology, and immunotherapy. Oncolytic biotherapy is a rising treatment method of cancer which uses infections to destroy cancers. The recent development in genetic engineering techniques has been made using viruses to attack and destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy is a method of cancer treatment which uses chemical substances or chemotherapeutics drug to kill the cancerous cells. Radiologists play an important role not only in developing and mastering endovascular genetic invasions but also in evaluating the progress of vascular gene therapy and reading further cultivation of vascular gene therapy technology.

It is one of the major methods of medical oncology.

• Surgery
• Chemotherapy
• Radiotherapy
• Immunotherapy
• Drug therapy, gene therapy
• Cancer drug designing
• Nanotechnology in Cancer drugs

Several types of radiation treatment are used to treat cancer.

Neuroradiology is the subdivision of radiology that deals with the sensory or nervous system. It is the subspecialty of radiology which is converging on the diagnosis and characterization of variations from the peripheral nervous system, spine, and head and neck utilizing neuroimaging strategies. X-rays is utilized as a part of the analysis and treatment of nervous system disorders. Essential imaging modalities incorporate Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ultrasound and Plain radiography is used on a constrained premise and in limited conditions, individual in pediatric population.

Neuroradiology has a critical part to play in Diagnosis and Treatment of Several Neurological issue like Ischemic Stroke and the Structural injuries causing Cerebral Haemorrhage. The current advances are rising all the more quickly in the exploration fields of neuroradiology incorporates the improvement of MR imaging of the Brain and Spinal cord neoplasms.

Biomarkers or the molecular markers are the biological molecules (such as DNA, RNA, and Proteins), genes or the processes such as apoptosis and proliferation by which a specific disease, condition or any abnormalities in the body can be identified. It is a measurable indicator in a biological system and can be found in blood, tissues, specific organs, cell lines and in other body fluids.

They play a major role in the diagnosis as well as for the management of Cancer.  Cancer biomarkers are either produced by the tumors itself or in response to the disease or other associated factors such as inflammation, indicating the presence of the Cancer in the body.

Biomarkers are primarily used in three ways for Cancer research and medicine:

• Diagnostic (or screening) biomarker: For the diagnosis of the condition, as in the case of an early stage of the Cancer.
• Prognostic biomarker: forecasting of the condition that how aggressive it is and determining the patient’s response in the absence of the treatment.
• Stratification (predictive) biomarker: to predict the patient’s response to the treatment.