Oncology and Radiology

Cancer Therapeutics is to tackle the challenge of tumor heterogeneity, cancer evolution and resistance to drug treatments which include an ever-increasing array of tools at the disposal of clinicians in their treatment of this disease. It has endured a paradigm shift away from the traditional cytotoxic drugs towards the targeting of proteins intimately involved in driving the cancer phenotype. Cancer therapeutics has pursued the discovery and development of HSP90 inhibitors, as one way of preventing or overcoming drug resistance. All Anticancer agents act by depressing cell multiplication or normal functioning, DNA synthesis and by blocking or changing RNA and protein metabolite.

Cancer cells are cells that divide relentlessly, forming solid tumors or flooding the blood with abnormal cells. Cell biology encompasses both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and can be divided into many sub-topics which may include the study of cell metabolism, cell communication, cell cycle, biochemistry, and cell composition. Cells are the basic and smallest units of life that make up the human body. The study of cells is called cell biology. Certain cells may create a mass called a tumor. Cancer Biomarkers or the molecular markers are the biological molecules such as DNA, RNA, and Proteins, genes or the processes such as apoptosis and proliferation by which a specific disease, condition or any abnormalities in the body can be identified. It is a measurable indicator in a biological system and can be found in blood, tissues, specific organs, cell lines and in other body fluids.

Neuroradiology mainly focus on the analysis and characterization of abnormalities of the peripheral and central nervous system, spine, and head and neck using neuroimaging techniques and study of radiology. Advances are raising all the more instantly in the exploration fields of Neuroradiology incorporates the improvement of MR imaging of the Brain and Spinal cord neoplasms. Essential imaging modalities incorporate Computed tomography (CT) and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ultrasound and Plain radiography are used on a constrained premise and in limited conditions, individual in the pediatric population. Neuro oncology is denounced to various malevolent disorders of neurons and is the subject of brain and spinal cord neoplasms, many of which are very dangerous and life-threatening that includes astrocytoma, glioblastoma multiform, ependymoma, pontine glioma and brain stem tumors. Cancer spreads to the Nervous System by direct invasion or compression from continuous tissues relates to the proximity of the Nervous System to other structures

Medical imaging also establishes a database of normal anatomy and physiology to make it possible to identify abnormalities and is the technique of creating visual portrayal of the interior of a body for medical intervention and clinical analysis, as well as visual representation of the function of some organs or tissues. Imaging for therapeutic purposes includes a group which includes the administration of radiologists, radiographers, sonographers, medicinal physicists, biomedical designers, and other support staff working together to optimize the well-being of patients, each one in turn. Appropriate utilization of medical imaging requires a multidisciplinary approach.

Clinical radiology has been at the forefront of minimally invasive technique. It is a specialised branch of medicine that uses state of the art equipment and a range of techniques to capture images of the inside of the body and denotes to the usage of radiology to diagnose and treat injury or disease. X-ray, ultrasound, MRI and CT are used to model and direct a wide variety of interventional treatments throughout the body. Radiology is a major part of clinical practice through an extensive range of medical disciplines. It is typically the best, slightly invasive way of diagnosing, treating or monitoring disease and injury.

Radiography is the science of using radiation to contribute images of the tissues, organs, bones, and vessels that compose the human body. These images may be recorded on film or as a computerized image. Applications of radiography include medical radiography and industrial radiography. To create an image in conventional radiography, a beam of X-rays is composed by an X-ray generator and is projected toward the object. A certain amount of the X-rays and other radiation is absorbed by the object, dependent on the object's density and structural composition.

Radiotherapy is a category of cancer treatment that uses beams of intense energy to kill cancer cells and most often uses X-rays, but protons or other types of energy also can be used. Radiation therapy uses waves of energy that include light or heat, to treat cancers and other tumors and conditions. It damages cells by destroying the genetic material that controls how cells grow and divide. Chemotherapy is most often used to treat cancer, since cancer cells grow and multiply much more quickly than most cells in the body and also a drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill fast-growing cells in your body. Many different chemotherapy drugs are available and may be given with a curative intent, or it may goal to prolong life or to reduce symptoms

The field of radiation oncology covers the combination of radiotherapy in multimodal treatment procedures. Radiation oncology provides an open-access study for researchers and doctors concerned in the management and treatment of cancers cases, which brings together the advanced research and analysis in the field. Radiation can be given as a therapeutic system, either alone and in the mix with surgery or possibly chemotherapy. The Advances in Radiation Oncology is to give unique clinical research went for improving the lives of people living with tumor and distinctive ailments treated with radiation treatment.               

Positron emission tomography scan is called as a PET scan and it is a type of test that may be used in cancer treatment and can be done along with a CT scan. It uses small amounts of radioactive materials which are known as radiotracers and radiopharmaceuticals, a special camera and a computer to evaluate organ and tissue functions. By identifying changes at the cellular level, PET may identified the early onset of disease before other imaging tests can. Nuclear medicine imaging procedures are non-invasive. With the exception of intravenous injections, they are usually painless. These tests use radioactive materials to evaluate medical conditions.      

Magnetic resonance imaging is used to examine the anatomy and physiology of the body in both health and disease. MRI scanners use strong magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, and radio waves to generate images of the organs in the body and based on sophisticated technology that excites and detects the change in the direction of the rotational axis of protons found in the water that makes up living tissues. It may be used to help diagnose or monitor treatment for a variety of conditions within the chest, abdomen and pelvis

Cancer Treatments are medical therapies that asserted to treat cancer through different methods like surgery, chemotherapy, radiation oncology, and immunotherapy. Oncolytic biotherapy is a rising treatment procedure of cancer which uses infections to consume cancers. The recent development in genetic engineering techniques has been made using viruses to attack and destroy cancer cells ad it uses chemical substances or chemotherapeutics drug to kill the cancerous cells. Radiologists play an important role not only in developing and mastering endovascular genetic invasions but also in evaluating the progress of vascular gene therapy and reading further cultivation of vascular gene therapy technology.    

Ultrasound is a valuable methodology for observing the child's improvement in the uterus and aim is often to find a source of a disease or to exclude pathology. It utilizes high-frequency sound waves to catch live images from inside your body and help to guide biopsies, diagnose heart conditions, and assess damage after a heart attack. Ultrasound is non-invasive, safe and does not use ionizing radiation. Ultrasound imaging uses sound waves to produce pictures of the inside of the body. It is used to help analyses the causes of pain, swelling and infection in the body's internal organs and to explore a baby in pregnant women and the brain and hips in infants.

Nuclear Medicine is a medical specialty that utilizations radioactive tracers to distinguish substantial capacities and to analyse and treat an infection. Nuclear medicine is a branch of radiology and therapeutic imaging. The unique way to kill malignancy cells with insignificant damage to encompassing tissue. It utilizes a smaller number of radioactive pharmaceuticals. This method help characterizes diseases in practically every organ system including the heart, mind, skeleton, thyroid and kidneys and many types of tumor and can be utilized to treat illness without surgery. This is one of a unique approach to kill cancer cells with minimal damage to surrounding tissue.

Interventional radiology is a medical specialty which provides minimally-invasive image-guided diagnosis and treatment of disease procedures using medical imaging guidance and also called as vascular and interventional radiology (VIR) which include x-ray fluoroscopy, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or ultrasound. Although the procedure range performed by interventional radiologists is broad, the unifying concept behind these procedures is the application of image guidance and minimally invasive techniques in order to minimize risk to the patient.

Oncology is the branch of therapeutic science managing tumors, including the birthplace, advancement, determination, and medication that arrangements with the aversion, finding, and treatment of growth. It incorporates therapeutic oncology which uses chemotherapy, hormone treatment, and diverse prescriptions to treat malignancy, radiation oncology using radiation for treatment and surgical oncology. Distinctive tumors influencing diverse parts of the body e.g. blood cancer, prostate, lungs, platelets and different organs carry on in certain way are of various evaluations and cell write, react constantly to treatment and have diverse arrangement of compelling treatment regimen

Molecular imaging is a field of medical imaging that focuses on imaging molecules of medical interest and it enables the visualisation of the cellular function .The multiple and numerous potentialities of this field are applicable to the diagnosis of diseases that are cancer, neurological and cardiovascular diseases. This technique also contributes to improving the treatment of these disorders by optimizing the pre-clinical and clinical tests of new medication. This is in contrast to conventional methods for obtaining molecular information from preserved tissue samples, such as histology.

Anesthesia permit the painless performance of medical strategy with time and gained knowledge this term has become a sub discipline of medical science. Established medical guidelines are available for local and general anesthesia. Several factors are important during application of anesthesia protocol where patient’s age, exact disease condition etc. should be considered with care. Sedation suppresses is the central nervous system to a lesser degree, inhibiting both anxiety and creation of long-term memories without resulting in unconsciousness.

Head and Neck Radiology is the subspecialty devoted to the diagnostic imaging procedure and diagnosis of diseases of the head and neck. In radiology, the 'head and neck' refers to all the anatomical structures in this region excluding the central nervous system, that is, the brain and spinal cord associated with vascular structures and encasing membranes. This includes x-rays, CT (computed tomography or CAT), Sonography, Mammography, Endoscopy, Ultrasound and MRI.

Breast cancer develops from a cancerous cell which develops in the lining of a mammary duct or a lobule in one of the breasts and most commonly presents as a lump that feels disparate from the rest of the breast tissue. More than 80% of cases are discovered when a person detects such a lump with the fingertips. It follows the classic progression though it often becomes systemic or widespread in the early onset of the disease. During this period, cancer may metastasize, or spread through lymphatics or bloodstream to areas elsewhere in the body.

A radiopharmaceutical is a medicine that can be used as a diagnosis and for therapeutic purposes. This is also a special class of drug and a combination of a radioactive molecule that has radioactivity. Radiopharmaceuticals consist of a radioactive isotope. Radioisotopes bind to biological molecules capable of targeting organs, tissues or specific cells of the human body. The representation of radiopharmaceuticals in clinical practice is increasing rapidly, which provides the medical association to have a greater way of detailed knowledge and information on the characteristics of various kinds of tumors.

Pediatric oncology is the speciality of medication that required with the diagnosis and treatment of cancer in children. It is one of the complicated sub-fields since the death rate connected with different malignancies is still high in children. The treatment of childhood cancer relies upon a few factors, including the stage and type of cancer, genetic factors and possible side effects of medicines, the family's preferences, and the child’s overall health and there is a high death rate still connected with different types of malignancies. The most common childhood cancer types include leukemia, brain tumors and lymphomas.

Epigenetics is a rapidly growing field of cancer research and Cancer Epigenetics deals with the epigenetic modifications to the DNA of cancer cells that do not comprise a change in the molecular processes nucleotide sequence than genetic mutations in a cell's transformation to cancer. It includes difference between normal cell and Tumor cell and analysis of nuclear organization, DNA methylation, Histone modification and the consequences of Genetic Mutations in genes encoding epigenetic regulators. DNA methylation patterns undergo complex changes in cancer

Tumors grow in a series of steps and cancer cells behave as independent cells, growing without control to form tumors. Hyperplasia meaning that there are too many cells resulting from uncontrolled cell division. These cells appear normal, but often changes have occurred that result in some loss of control of growth. The discovery of tumor stem cells in a range of cancers has created opportunities for researchers to identify these rare cells in both solid tumors and hematologic cancers, as well as to investigate the role of these cells at different stages of disease. The recognition that the cancer cell is in a symbiotic relationship with the tumor microenvironment has created opportunities to study the interactions of cancer cells within the tumor or the host microenvironment

Echocardiography is a painless test that uses sound waves to create moving pictures of the heart and uses standard two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and Doppler ultrasound to create images of the heart. The pictures show the size and shape of heart. They also show how well the heart's chambers and valves are working. Echo can detect possible blood clots inside the heart, fluid build-up in the pericardium and also can pinpoint areas of heart muscle that aren't contracting well due to poor blood injury from a previous heart attack