An echocardiogram usually referred to as a cardiac echo or simply an echo is a sonogram of the heart. Echocardiography uses standard two-dimensional, three-dimensional, and Doppler ultrasound to create images of the heart.

Echocardiography has enhanced routinely worked in the diagnosis, administration, and follow-up of patients with any suspicious or known heart diseases. Echocardiography is the most widely used for diagnostic examinations test in cardiology.
Cardiac echo provides an abundance of valuable knowledge, including the dimension and shape of the heart (internal chamber size quantification), pumping capacity, and the area and intensity of any membrane injury.

Not only can an echocardiogram generate ultrasound reflections of heart combinations, but it can also provide an unbiased evaluation of the blood rushing into the heart by Doppler echocardiography, using pulsed- or continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound. Echocardiography was also the initial ultrasound subspecialty to practice intravenous variation. Echocardiography is conducted by cardiac physiologists, cardiac sonographers, or physicians trained in echocardiography.

The study of epigenetic modifications to the genome of cancer cells that do not include a change in the nucleotide sequence is known as Cancer Epigenetics. Epigenetic alterations are as important as genetic mutations in a cell's transformation to cancer and their manipulation embraces the great potential for cancer prevention, detection, and therapy. A variety of compounds are considered as epigenetic carcinogens such as arsenite, diethylstilbestrol, hexachlorobenzene and nickel compounds. They result in an increased incidence of tumors, but they do not show mutagen activity.

• DNA Methylation
• Histone modification
• MicroRNA and DNA repair
• DNA repair pathways
• Frequencies of epimutations in DNA repair genes
• Micro RNA gene silencing
• Epigenetic carcinogens

Pediatric oncology is a healthy development in drug associated with diagnosing and treating kids, as a rule up to the age of 18, with malignancy. It is thought to be one of the most challenging of specialties because, despite favorable treatment of many children, there is a high death rate still connected with different sorts of malignancies. Sorts of Pediatric Oncology include Pediatric Hematology Oncology, Neuroblastoma in Children, Pediatric Leukemia, Clinical Trials, Advanced Pediatric Oncology Drugs, Brain Tumor in Children, Advances in Pediatric Oncology Treatment, Oncology Nursing and Care, Pediatric Oncology Diagnostic, Pediatric Radiation Oncology,  Radiotherapy Oncology and Pediatric Neuro-Oncology.

Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive compounds administered to the patient, and monitored via specific imaging devices, for diagnosis and therapeutic purposes. A Radiopharmaceutical is a drug that can be used either for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes. Radiopharmacology is the branch of pharmacology that specializes in these agents.

The word Cancer originates from the Latin (initially Greek) determined term for crab, due to the way a malignancy clings to any part that it seizes upon in an unshakable way like the crab.

Another expression for the disease is "threatening tumour." Tumour actually signifies "swelling" or "mass." For this situation, it alludes to a mass of non-organized new cells, which have no known reason in the physiological capacity of the body.Most of the cancer vaccines in development are specific for particular cancer types and are the therapeutic vaccines.

Cancer subtypes

• Prostate cancer
• Cervical cancer
• Leukemia
• Sarcoma

Radiology is the science that utilizations restorative imaging to analyse and here and there likewise treat maladies inside the body. An assortment of imaging systems, for example, X-beam radiography, ultrasound, registered tomography (CT), atomic pharmaceutical including positron discharge tomography (PET), and attractive reverberation imaging (MRI) are utilized to analyse or potentially treat infections. Interventional radiology is the execution of (ordinarily negligibly intrusive) therapeutic methodology with the direction of imaging innovations.

The securing of restorative pictures is normally done by the radiographer, regularly known as a Radiologic Technologist. Contingent upon area, the Diagnostic Radiologist, or Reporting Radiographer, at that point translates or "peruses" the pictures and delivers a report of their discoveries and impression or conclusion

Oncology is the branch of therapeutic science managing tumors, including the birthplace, advancement, determination, and treatment of harmful neoplasms. It incorporates therapeutic oncology which uses chemotherapy, hormone treatment, and diverse prescriptions to treat malignancy, radiation oncology using radiation for treatment and surgical oncology.

Neuroradiology is the subdivision of radiology that deals with the sensory or nervous system. It is the subspecialty of radiology which is converging on the diagnosis and characterization of variations from the peripheral nervous system, spine, and head and neck utilizing neuroimaging strategies. X-rays is utilized as a part of the analysis and treatment of nervous system disorders. Essential imaging modalities incorporate Computed tomography (CT) and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ultrasound and Plain radiography is used on a constrained premise and in limited conditions, individual in pediatric population.

Neuroradiology has a critical part to play in Diagnosis and Treatment of Several Neurological issue like Ischemic Stroke and the Structural injuries causing Cerebral Haemorrhage. The current advances are rising all the more quickly in the exploration fields of Neuroradiology incorporates the improvement of MR imaging of the Brain and Spinal cord neoplasms .

The cell is the basic unit of life. It is the littlest structure of the body fit for playing out the majority of the procedures that characterize life.

Each of the organs in the body, for example, the lung, breast, colon, and brain, comprises of particular cells that complete the organ's capacities, for example, the transportation of oxygen, processing of supplements, proliferation, considering etc.

Cancer cells have defects in normal cellular functions that enable them to separate, attack the encompassing tissue, and spread by method for vascular as well as lymphatic systems. These defects are the consequence of quality transformations and mutation and there caused by irresistible infections.

Biomarkers have various potential applications in oncology, including hazard appraisal, screening, differential investigation, assurance of visualization, expectation of reaction to treatment, and monitoring of progression of disease.

Anesthesia is a method to control pain during a surgery or procedure by using medicine called anesthetics. It can help control your breathing, blood pressure, blood flow, and heart rate and rhythm.

Anesthesia may be used to:

·        Relax you.

·        Block pain.

·        Make you sleepy or forgetful.

·        Make you unconscious for your surgery.

Cancer Treatments are medical therapies that asserted to treat cancer by different methods like surgery, chemotherapy, radiation oncology, and immunotherapy. Oncolytic biotherapy is a rising treatment method of cancer which uses infections to destroy cancers. The recent development in genetic engineering techniques has been made using viruses to attack and destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy is a method of cancer treatment which uses chemical substances or chemotherapeutics drug to kill the cancerous cells. Radiologists play an important role not only in developing and mastering endovascular genetic invasions but also in evaluating the progress of vascular gene therapy and reading further cultivation of vascular gene therapy technology.

It is one of the major methods of medical oncology.

·         Surgery

·         Chemotherapy

·         Radiotherapy

·         Immunotherapy

·         Drug therapy, gene therapy

·         Cancer drug designing

·         Nanotechnology in Cancer drugs

Several types of radiation treatment are used to treat cancer.

Nuclear Medicine is a medical specialty that utilizations radioactive tracers (radiopharmaceuticals) to distinguish substantial capacities and to analyse and treat infection. Nuclear medicine is a branch of radiology and therapeutic imaging. Unique way to kill malignancy cells with insignificant damage to encompassing tissue.

Nuclear medicine treatment utilizes larger amount of radiation to treat thyroid disease and tumour. It utilizes small amount of radioactive pharmaceuticals. This method help  characterize diseases in practically  every organ system including the heart, mind, skeleton, thyroid and kidneys and many type of tumour and can be utilized to treat illness without surgery. This is one of a unique approach to kill cancer cells with minimal damage to surrounding tissue.

Radiation oncology is one of the three basic specialties, the other two being surgical and therapeutic oncology, related with the treatment of development. Radiation can be given as a therapeutic system, either alone or in mix with surgery or possibly chemotherapy. The mission of Advances in Radiation Oncology is to give unique clinical research went for improving the lives of people living with tumour  and distinctive ailments treated with radiation treatment.

There are three types of treatment modalities accessible for treating disease Surgery, Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy. Surgical oncology is the branch of surgery connected to oncology. Surgical oncology utilizes surgical techniques to analyze, stage, and treat growth, and to treat certain cancer related side effects. Surgery assumes an essential part in the administration of both early tumors and additionally propelled diseases in blend with chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

 Surgical Oncology Sub-Specialties

·         Head and Neck Oncology

·         Breast Oncology

·         Gastrointestinal Oncology (Gastro Oesophageal , Hepatoma – Biliary, Colorectal diseases)

·         Thoracic Oncology

·         Genito-Urinary and Gynae Oncology

·         Bone and Soft Tissue Tumours

Medical radiography is a broad term that covers several types of studies that require the visualization of the internal parts of the body using x-ray techniques.

Clinical radiology is a specific branch of medicine that uses state of the art equipment and a range of techniques to capture images of the inside of the body.

Clinical radiologists use various imaging techniques including:

·        X-ray

·        Ultrasound

·        Computed tomography (CT) including multislice scanning

·        Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

·        Positron emission tomography coupled with CT or MRI (PET-CT or PET-MRI) – enabling enhanced 3D images

·        Fluoroscopy – using real-time x-ray imaging to show internal structures of the body

·        Molecular imaging – CT perfusion, dual-energy CT, optical imaging

·        Nuclear medicine techniques

Ultrasound is a sort of imaging and part of radiology. It utilizes high-frequency sound waves to catch live images from inside your body. Ultrasound is protected and easy. Ultrasound is a valuable methodology for observing the child's improvement in the uterus. 

Positron-outflow tomography (PET) is an atomic medication utilitarian imaging strategy that is utilized to watch metabolic procedures in the body. The framework recognizes sets of gamma beams discharged in a roundabout way by a positron-transmitting radionuclide (tracer), which is brought into the body on a naturally dynamic atom. In present day PET-CT scanners, three-dimensional imaging is frequently refined with the guide of a CT X-beam filter performed on the patient amid a similar session, in a similar machine.

Computed tomography (CT), sometimes called "computerized tomography" or "computed axial tomography" (CAT), is a noninvasive medical examination or procedure that uses specialized X-ray equipment to produce cross-sectional images of the body.

CT is a valuable medical tool that can help a physician:

·         Diagnose disease, trauma or abnormality

·         Plan and guide interventional or therapeutic procedures

·         Cancer treatment

Head and Neck Radiology is the subspecialty devoted to the diagnostic imaging procedure and diagnosis of diseases of the head and neck. This includes x-rays, CT (computed tomography or CAT), Sonography, Mammography, Endoscopy , Ultrasound and MRI.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the body uses a powerful magnetic field, radio waves and a computer to produce detailed pictures of the inside of your body. It may be used to help diagnose or monitor treatment for a variety of conditions within the chest, abdomen and pelvis.

Interventional radiology also known as vascular and interventional radiology (VIR),is a medical specialty which provides minimally invasive image-guided diagnosis and treatment of disease. Although procedure range performed by interventional radiologists is broad, the unifying concept behind these procedures is the application of image guidance and minimally invasive techniques in order to minimize risk to the patient.

Interventional radiologists perform a wide range or procedures, including:

Medical imaging is the procedure used to make visual representations of the human body for clinical purposes or medicinal science (including the study of normal anatomy and physiology). Medical imaging technology plays an important role in health care system.

Imaging for therapeutic purposes includes a group which includes the administration of radiologists, radiographers (X-ray technologists), sonographers (ultrasound technologists), medicinal physicists, biomedical designers, and other support staff working together to optimize the wellbeing of patients, each one in turn. Appropriate utilization of medical imaging requires a multidisciplinary approach.

Molecular imaging methodology which are non-intrusive, Painless and safe. Molecular imaging is a type of medical imaging. Molecular Imaging is the visualization, characterization, and measurement of biological processes at the molecular and cellular levels in humans and other living systems. Where other analytic imaging techniques—such as x-rays, computed tomography (CT), MRI or magnetic resonance imaging, CT scan and ultrasound—offer pictures of physical structure, molecular imaging allows physicians to see how the body is functioning and to measure its chemical and biological processes.

At the point when are they utilized?

Molecular Imaging are utilized to analyse and diagnose the treatment of  cancer, heart disease, brain disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, gastrointestinal disorders, lung disorders, bone disorders, kidney and thyroid disorders,  and more.

At least one in nine women develops breast cancer at some stage in their life. About 48,000 cases occur in the United Kingdom every year. Mostly develops in women over the age of 50 but younger women are also sometimes affected. Breast cancer can also develop in men, but this is rare. Breast cancer develops from a cancerous cell which develops in the lining of a mammary duct or a lobule in one of the breasts. It follows the classic progression though it often becomes systemic or widespread in the early onset of the disease. During this period, cancer may metastasize, or spread through lymphatics or bloodstream to areas elsewhere in the body. If breast cancer spreads to vital organs of the body, its presence will compromise the function of those organs. Fetal death is the result of an extreme case of vital organ function. In 2012, the latest year for which information is accessible, in excess of 1.7 million ladies worldwide were determined to have Breast Cancer. A large number of these findings are influenced utilizing X-to beam mammography. Albeit standard and broadly utilized, X-ray imaging for breast cancer experiences both low affectability (50-75%) and the utilization of ionizing radiation that can't be thought about totally safeAt least one in nine women develops breast cancer at some stage in their life. About 48,000 cases occur in the United Kingdom every year. Mostly develops in women over the age of 50 but younger women are also sometimes affected. Breast cancer can also develop in men, but this is rare. Breast cancer develops from a cancerous cell which develops in the lining of a mammary duct or a lobule in one of the breasts. It follows the classic progression though it often becomes systemic or widespread in the early onset of the disease. During this period, cancer may metastasize, or spread through lymphatics or bloodstream to areas elsewhere in the body. If breast cancer spreads to vital organs of the body, its presence will compromise the function of those organs. Fetal death is the result of an extreme case of vital organ function. In 2012, the latest year for which information is accessible, in excess of 1.7 million ladies worldwide were determined to have Breast Cancer. A large number of these findings are influenced utilizing X-to beam mammography. Albeit standard and broadly utilized, X-ray imaging for breast cancer experiences both low affectability (50-75%) and the utilization of ionizing radiation that can't be thought about totally safe.